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Year |
Moment |
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570 |
Prophet Muhammad (d. 632)
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595 |
Muhammad marries Khadijah, his first and only wife until her death and mother of his four daughters, Zaynab, Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, and Fatima, and two sons who died in infancy, al-Qasim and ʿAbd Allah
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610 |
Muhammad receives call to prophethood through first revelation of the Qurʾan, continues to receive prophecies for 22 years
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610 |
Khadijah is first to believe in Muhammad’s prophethood, becoming first convert to Islam
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613 |
Muhammad begins public preaching in Mecca
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613 |
First emigration of Muslims to Abyssinia, although Muhammad remained in Mecca to continue preaching against polytheists
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619 |
Deaths of Muhammad’s wife, Khadijah, and uncle, Abu Talib, leaving Muhammad without a protector
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619 |
Muhammad tries to leave Mecca
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621 |
Muhammad’s first contact with Medina
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622 |
Migration (Hijra) of early Muslims to Medina
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622 |
Islam takes form of political state
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622 |
First year of Islamic calendar
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622 |
Prophet Muhammad establishes mosque of Quba in Medina as first religious waqf
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622 |
Mosque of the Prophet built in Medina
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622 |
Muhammad marries ʿAishah (d. 678), daughter of first caliph, Abu Bakr, and exemplary female figure for Sunni Muslims
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622 - 623 |
Series of compacts between Muslims, Jews, and Christians in the Arabian Peninsula, examples of treaty relations establishing interfaith cooperation and peaceful coexistence
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624 |
Battle of Badr—Muslims outnumbered, but victorious; serves as symbol for Muslims of divine intervention and guidance
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625 |
Battle of Uhud—Muhammad and Muslims attacked and defeated by Meccans
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626 |
First charitable waqf for benefit of the poor and needy established in form of seven orchards in Medina
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626 |
Husayn ibn ʿAli (d. 680), son of ʿAli and Fatimah, grandson of Muhammad and third Shiʿi Imam
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627 |
Battle of the Trench/Ditch—Muhammad and Muslims victorious over Meccans and Bedouin mercenaries
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627 |
Muhammad consolidates leadership in Medina
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627 |
ʿAishah accused of adultery in “Affair of the Necklace,” but exonerated by Qurʾanic revelation
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628 |
Treaty of Hudaybiyah permits Muslims to make pilgrimage to Mecca by establishing temporary truce
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628 |
Muslims defeat and expel Jews of Khaybar after repeated violations of treaties by Jews
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629 |
Qiblah (direction of prayer) changed from Jerusalem to Mecca
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630 |
Muhammad occupies Mecca
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632 |
Death of Muhammad
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632 |
Abu Bakr becomes first caliph
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632 - 661 |
Reign of the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs—normative period for Sunni Islam
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